What is the thermic effect of food?
Answer: how much energy is required to digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients
What is the thermic effect of food?
Answer: how much energy is required to digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients
Answer: how much energy is required to digest, absorb and metabolize nutrients
Why is there a difference between the sexes when it comes to calculating BMR?
Why is there a difference between the sexes when it comes to calculating BMR?
Answer: based on lean body mass
how do you determine BMR for females?
how do you determine BMR for females?
Answer: body mass x 0.9 kcal/hr
how do you determine BMR for males?
how do you determine BMR for males?
Answer: body mass x 1.0kcal/hr
How does age effect BMR?
How does age effect BMR?
Answer: BMR decreases 3-5% each decade after the age of 30 due to a decease in lean body mass and hormone changes
What is the primary determinant for BMR?
What is the primary determinant for BMR?
Answer: how much lean body mass a person has
How much of the daily energy does BMR account for?
How much of the daily energy does BMR account for?
Answer: 60-75%
What do some base (resting) functions include?
What do some base (resting) functions include?
Answer: respiration, circulation, making new cells, secreting hormones, nervous system activity
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Answer: energy expended to maintain basal (resting) functions
what is energy expenditure influenced by?
what is energy expenditure influenced by?
Answer: age, height, weight and gender
what are the three things that energy expenditure is based on?
what are the three things that energy expenditure is based on?
Answer: Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
Physical Activity
Thermic effect on food (TEF)
How is energy intake expressed?
How is energy intake expressed?
Answer: as Cal (kcal)
What are other factors that determine weight gain or loss?
What are other factors that determine weight gain or loss?
Answer:
genetics
childhood weight
behavior
social factors
Ultimately, what determines whether there is weight gain or loss?
Ultimately, what determines whether there is weight gain or loss?
Answer: energy intake versus energy expenditure
what are the cons to using body composition to evaluate body weight?
what are the cons to using body composition to evaluate body weight?
Answer: needs equipment and is expensive
what are the pros to using body composition to evaluate body weight?
what are the pros to using body composition to evaluate body weight?
Answer: it is the most accurate way to evaluate body weight
what are the cons to using fat distribution to evaluate body weight?
what are the cons to using fat distribution to evaluate body weight?
Answer: no data on fat content
what are the pros to using fat distribution to evaluate body weight?
what are the pros to using fat distribution to evaluate body weight?
Answer: high predictive value
what are the cons to using BMI to evaluate body weight?
what are the cons to using BMI to evaluate body weight?
Answer: no actual data on lean mass, gender and size differences
what are the pros to using BMI to measure body weight?
what are the pros to using BMI to measure body weight?
Answer: easy to measure and high predictive value
what are three way to evaluate body weight?
what are three way to evaluate body weight?
Answer:
BMI
Fat distribution
Body Composition
who are the most likely to have pear shaped pattern?
who are the most likely to have pear shaped pattern?
Answer: women
is there a risk with the pear shaped pattern?
is there a risk with the pear shaped pattern?
Answer: there is no association with an increased risk for chronic disease like there is with apple shaped pattern
what is the pear shaped fat distribution problem?
what is the pear shaped fat distribution problem?
Answer: extra weight below the waist
who are likely to have an apple shaped pattern?
who are likely to have an apple shaped pattern?
Answer: men
what is the risk of apple shaped pattern?
what is the risk of apple shaped pattern?
Answer: most associated with an increased risk for chronic disease
what is the apple shaped fat distribution problem?
what is the apple shaped fat distribution problem?
Answer: carrying excess weight above the waist
What are the two fat distribution problems?
What are the two fat distribution problems?
Answer: apple shaped and pear shaped
when is waist to hip ratio considered a health risk?
when is waist to hip ratio considered a health risk?
Answer: over .90 in men and over .80 in women
when is waist circumference considered a health risk?
when is waist circumference considered a health risk?
Answer: men over 40 in and women over 35 in
what are some methods of measuring body composition?
what are some methods of measuring body composition?
Answer:
underwater weighing
skinfolds
BIA
DXA
Bod Pod
what does body composition measure?
what does body composition measure?
Answer: body fat and lean body mass
what are some limitations of BMI?
what are some limitations of BMI?
Answer: it is not always accurate for certain ethnic backgrounds, doesn't take body composition into account, not accurate for people over 65 and not accurate for people with lots of body muscle
what are the healthy BMI requirements?
what are the healthy BMI requirements?
Answer: between 18.5 and 25
what is the formula for BMI?
what is the formula for BMI?
Answer: mass/height
What does BMI measure?
What does BMI measure?
Answer: ratio of a person's weight to their height
What are three ways to measure the health of an individual?
What are three ways to measure the health of an individual?
Answer: BMI, fat distribution, body composition
what is morbid obesity?
what is morbid obesity?
Answer: body weight exceeding over 100% of normal body weight and has severe health consequences
what does it mean to be obese?
what does it mean to be obese?
Answer: excess body fat that causes adverse health effects; BMI of 30 or more
what does it mean to be overweight?
what does it mean to be overweight?
Answer: moderate amount of excess body fat that may not have any health effects; BMI 25-29
what does it mean to be underweight?
what does it mean to be underweight?
Answer: too little body fat to maintain health and has less than 18.5 BMI
What are some things that a healthful body weight is based on?
What are some things that a healthful body weight is based on?
Answer:
age and physical development
maintained without dieting
based on family history
compatible with being well
good eating habits
regular physical activity
acceptable to YOU
What is a healthful body weight?
What is a healthful body weight?
Answer: weight that is appropriate for a persons age, physical activity, and doesn't change with constant dieting
True or False: Although a majority of Americans are overweight, only about 20% of Americans are considered obese?
True or False: Although a majority of Americans are overweight, only about 20% of Americans are considered obese?
Answer: False, it is currently at 36%
True or False: Obesity is a condition that is caused by eating too much and not getting enough exercise?
True or False: Obesity is a condition that is caused by eating too much and not getting enough exercise?
Answer: False, it has many other factors
True of False: Being underweight can be just as detrimental to our health as being obese?
True of False: Being underweight can be just as detrimental to our health as being obese?
Answer: True
what are some things that nutritional therapy addresses?
what are some things that nutritional therapy addresses?
Answer:
body image issues as weight is regained
acceptability of certain foods
food situations
healthful food plan for weight maintenance
negative feelings and trigger foods
what are some goals of nutritional therapy?
what are some goals of nutritional therapy?
Answer: restore healthy body weight and restore nutrition related eating issues
what do treatment for eating disorders include?
what do treatment for eating disorders include?
Answer: complex and multidisciplinary treatment including a patient, physician, nutritional counselors and psychiatric counselors
what are some warning signs of female athlete triad?
what are some warning signs of female athlete triad?
Answer: excessive dieting, excessive exercise, stress fractures, self esteem dictated by body shape/weight
what is female athlete triad?
what is female athlete triad?
Answer: serious syndrome in some active females where they have low energy availability, amenorrhea, and low bone density
what are some symptoms of night eating disorder?
what are some symptoms of night eating disorder?
Answer: depressed mood and insomnia
Night eating syndrome is the combination of what three disorders?
Night eating syndrome is the combination of what three disorders?
Answer:
eating disorder
sleep disorder
mood disorder
what is night eating syndrome?
what is night eating syndrome?
Answer: people who were not hungry during the day but eat everything and the evening and night
what are some psychological consequences of binge eating?
what are some psychological consequences of binge eating?
Answer:
low self esteem
avoid social contact
depression
negative thoughts
what are food triggers for binge eating?
what are food triggers for binge eating?
Answer: foods high in fat and sugar
who does binge eating affect the most?
who does binge eating affect the most?
Answer: 2-3% of adults, 8% of obese people, more common in men
when do people binge eat?
when do people binge eat?
Answer: after stressful events and twice weekly, not followed by purging
what are some health risks of bulimia nervosa?
what are some health risks of bulimia nervosa?
Answer:
electrolyte imbalance
gastrointestinal problems
dental problems
what are some signs of bulimia nervosa?
what are some signs of bulimia nervosa?
Answer:
chronically inflamed and sore throat
swollen glands in the neck and below the jaw
what are the best changes for recovery of bulimia nervosa?
what are the best changes for recovery of bulimia nervosa?
Answer: early intensive treatment
what are some symptoms of bulimia nervosa?
what are some symptoms of bulimia nervosa?
Answer: recurrent binge eating episodes
recurrent inappropriate compensation behavior
negative body image
what are some statistics of bulimia nervosa?
what are some statistics of bulimia nervosa?
Answer: 1-4% of women have it and it affects women more than men
what are the two things that occur when a person has bulimia nervosa?
what are the two things that occur when a person has bulimia nervosa?
Answer: binging and purging
what is the definition of purge?
what is the definition of purge?
Answer: follows binge episode; includes vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, fasting, excessive exercise to avoid weight gain
what is the definition of a binge?
what is the definition of a binge?
Answer: episode of over eating in short period of time; the person feels a loss of self control and/or sense of euphoria
what are the characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
what are the characteristics of bulimia nervosa?
Answer: recurrent episodes of extreme overeating and compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain
what is the best chance of recovery of anorexia nervosa?
what is the best chance of recovery of anorexia nervosa?
Answer: early intensive treatment
what are some health risks of anorexia nervosa?
what are some health risks of anorexia nervosa?
Answer:
energy and nutrient deficiency
electrolyte imbalance
cardiovascular problems
gastrointestinal problems
bone problems
what is amenorrhea?
what is amenorrhea?
Answer: absence of menstrual period
what are some symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
what are some symptoms of anorexia nervosa?
Answer:
restrictive eating/starvation
intense fear of gaining weight
amenorrhea for atleast 3 months
unhealthful body image
what percentage of females will die from complications due to anorexia nervosa?
what percentage of females will die from complications due to anorexia nervosa?
Answer: 5-20%
who is most likely to show anorexia nervosa?
who is most likely to show anorexia nervosa?
Answer: 90-95% of the cases are young girls or women
what occurs when a person has anorexia nervosa?
what occurs when a person has anorexia nervosa?
Answer: self starvation leading to severe nutrient deficiency
what are three eating disorders?
what are three eating disorders?
Answer:
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorders
what are some factors that influence disordered eating?
what are some factors that influence disordered eating?
Answer:
family environment
unrealistic media images
sociocultural values
personality traits
genetic and biological factors
what is a eating disorder?
what is a eating disorder?
Answer: psychiatric condition involving extreme body dissatisfaction and long term eating patterns that negatively affect body functioning
what is disordered eating?
what is disordered eating?
Answer: variety of atypical eating behaviors used to achieve or maintain a lower body weight
what is the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test?
what is the rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test?
Answer: determines the presence of reagin, the nonspecific antibody in the plasma of individuals with a syphilitic infection
what are the three clinical stages of syphilis if it goes untreated?
what are the three clinical stages of syphilis if it goes untreated?
Answer:
chancre
maculopapular rash
life threatening complications
what is syphilis?
what is syphilis?
Answer: systematic infection that, if untreated, progresses through 3 clinical stages
what are some characteristics of treponema palladium?
what are some characteristics of treponema palladium?
Answer: spirochete that can be cultivated only in rabbits, resistant to commit staining procedures and are best observed under darkened microscopy
what is the causing agent of syphilis?
what is the causing agent of syphilis?
Answer: treponema pallidum
what are the protozoal and fungal infections that are diseases of lesser magnitude in the spectrum of STDs?
what are the protozoal and fungal infections that are diseases of lesser magnitude in the spectrum of STDs?
Answer: trichomoniasis and candidiasis
what are some representative viral infections?
what are some representative viral infections?
Answer:
genital herpes
genital warts
hep B
candidiasis
AIDS
what are some bacterial STDs?
what are some bacterial STDs?
Answer:
gonorrhea
syphilis
non-gonococcal urethritis
lymphogranuloma venereum
what is the Direction Flu A Test?
what is the Direction Flu A Test?
Answer: demonstrates the application of an in vitro enzyme immunoassay
what is the fluorescent antibody technique?
what is the fluorescent antibody technique?
Answer: rapid reliable procedure to demonstrate agglutination reactions and is useful in the identification of microorganisms or their resultant antibodies
what are side effects of Tetracycline?
what are side effects of Tetracycline?
Answer: turns skin yellow and more likely to get a sunburn
what is the MIC Assay?
what is the MIC Assay?
Answer: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration Assay
regarding antibiotics, what is the size of the zone of inhibition when there is resistance?
regarding antibiotics, what is the size of the zone of inhibition when there is resistance?
Answer: zone is small
regarding antibiotics, what is the size of zone of inhibition when there is susceptibility?
regarding antibiotics, what is the size of zone of inhibition when there is susceptibility?
Answer: zone is large
what was the technique that we used in the water quality analysis to concentrate bacteria?
what was the technique that we used in the water quality analysis to concentrate bacteria?
Answer: filtration
what was the complex differential media that we used in the water quality analysis?
what was the complex differential media that we used in the water quality analysis?
Answer: EMB
what is the active ingredient in hand sanitizers?
what is the active ingredient in hand sanitizers?
Answer: alcohol because it destroys membranes
why did we use soft agar to enumerate a bacteriophage?
why did we use soft agar to enumerate a bacteriophage?
Answer: to enhance the diffusion of bacteria
when we performed enumeration of a bacteriophage, what was our pathogen?
when we performed enumeration of a bacteriophage, what was our pathogen?
Answer: T2 Virus
when we performed enumeration of a bacteriophage, what was our host?
when we performed enumeration of a bacteriophage, what was our host?
Answer: e-coli B
what is septicemia?
what is septicemia?
Answer: presence and multiplication of bacteria in the blood
what is bacteremia?
what is bacteremia?
Answer: bacteria in the blood
what is the most common blood borne pathogen?
what is the most common blood borne pathogen?
Answer: e-coli
what is blood typing a form of?
what is blood typing a form of?
Answer: immune-assay and agglutination test
how many binding spots are there for the pentameric IgM?
how many binding spots are there for the pentameric IgM?
Answer: 10
how many binding spots are there for the dimer IgA?
how many binding spots are there for the dimer IgA?
Answer: 4
how many binding spots are there for the monomers (IgG, IgE, IgD)
how many binding spots are there for the monomers (IgG, IgE, IgD)
Answer: 2
which has LPS, gram - or gram +?
which has LPS, gram - or gram +?
Answer: gram -
which has teichoic acid, gram + or -?
which has teichoic acid, gram + or -?
Answer: gram +
how many membranes does a gram - have?
how many membranes does a gram - have?
Answer: two
how many membranes does a gram + have?
how many membranes does a gram + have?
Answer: one
which has a thicker cell wall, gram - or gram+?
which has a thicker cell wall, gram - or gram+?
Answer: gram +
when a mother is Rh -, when can there be a problem?
when a mother is Rh -, when can there be a problem?
Answer: there is no problem the first time they give birth to an Rh+ baby, but the problem occurs the second birth of an Rh+ baby
What blood type is the universal donor?
What blood type is the universal donor?
Answer: O-
what blood type is the universal recipient?
what blood type is the universal recipient?
Answer: AB+
if your blood type is B+, what type of blood can you receive?
if your blood type is B+, what type of blood can you receive?
Answer:
O-
B-
B+
O+
NOTHING WITH A
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is O+?
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is O+?
Answer: Rh antigen; A and B antibody
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is O-?
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is O-?
Answer: no antigens; A, B and Rh antibodies
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is AB+?
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is AB+?
Answer: A, B and Rh antigen; no antibody
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is AB-?
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is AB-?
Answer: A and B antigen; Rh antibody
What antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is B+?
What antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is B+?
Answer: B and Rh antigen; A antibody
What antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is B-?
What antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is B-?
Answer: B antigen; A and Rh antibody
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is A+?
what antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is A+?
Answer: A and Rh antigen; B antibodies
What antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is A-?
What antigen/antibody does a person have if their blood type is A-?
Answer: A antigen; B and Rh antibodies
what are the 8 different blood types?
what are the 8 different blood types?
Answer:
A+
A-
B+
B-
AB+
AB-
O+
O-
why should a person know their blood type?
why should a person know their blood type?
Answer:
transfusion
giving blood
mothers to be (Rh factor)
why is blood typing used?
why is blood typing used?
Answer: to see if a person has an A antigen, B antigen, neither, or an Rh factor
what is ELISA used for?
what is ELISA used for?
Answer: screening and to quantitate an antigen or antibody
what is the #1 assay used in research/medicine regarding immuno-assays?
what is the #1 assay used in research/medicine regarding immuno-assays?
Answer: ELISA
what is ELISA?
what is ELISA?
Answer: assay that uses antibodies linked by an enzyme to bind
what does ELISA stand for?
what does ELISA stand for?
Answer: Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay
how does an enzyme act as an antibody tag?
how does an enzyme act as an antibody tag?
Answer: allows you to visualize whether the antibody has bound to an antigen
how do latex beads act as an antibody tag?
how do latex beads act as an antibody tag?
Answer: adds mass to the antibodies involving agglutination
how can metals be antibody tags (gold, for example)?
how can metals be antibody tags (gold, for example)?
Answer: change of color if present; gold is used in a pregnancy test and would change color if the urine was from a pregnant woman
how can fluorescent molecules be antibody tags?
how can fluorescent molecules be antibody tags?
Answer: glowing can indicate if something is cancerous where no glow can indicate a normal cell
what are some examples of antibody tags?
what are some examples of antibody tags?
Answer:
fluorescent tags
metals
latex bonds
enzymes
what type of Ig is a dimer?
what type of Ig is a dimer?
Answer: IgA
what type of Ig is a pentamer?
what type of Ig is a pentamer?
Answer: IgM
what region of the antibody can we covalently bind things?
what region of the antibody can we covalently bind things?
Answer: constant region
what is the epitope?
what is the epitope?
Answer: small portion of the antigen where things bind
what is an immunoassay?
what is an immunoassay?
Answer: anything involving an antigen/antibody
what does methylene blue stain?
what does methylene blue stain?
Answer: since it is a basic stain, it will stain acidic components in the nucleus a blue/black color
what does eosin stain?
what does eosin stain?
Answer: since it is an acidic stain, it stains basic components in the cytoplasm/granules a pink/red/orange color
what is the Wright stain?
what is the Wright stain?
Answer: differential/complex stain that includes eosin and methylene blue
what is the main function of WBC?
what is the main function of WBC?
Answer: defense mechanisms
what are the two techniques that we used to enumerate a bacteriophage?
what are the two techniques that we used to enumerate a bacteriophage?
Answer: serial dilution and soft agar overlay
what is a plaque?
what is a plaque?
Answer: cleared area on a lawn of bacteria due to lysis of cells from a virus
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